We
examined the definition and
characteristics of rural infrastructure, typology, effects and provision of
rural infrastructure.
In
this post we are going to look at marriage and the family. By the end of reading this article you should
be able to define marriage and the family, identify features of the rural
family, identify the functions of the rural family, identify the stages in the family
life of a rural farmer and identify forms of marriage in Nigeria.
The Concept of Marriage and Family
The
family is usually defined as a kinship group linked by blood and marriage and
occupying a common household. A household is not the same thing as the family.
It refers to all persons occupying the same house.
These
include relatives as well as lodgers. The family as a social group is made up
of a man, his wife or wives and children living under a common roof,
interacting and influencing the behaviours of each other in a more intimate
manner than with others who do not belong to it.
As
a social institution the family entails the formalized, regular and patterned
way or process by which family life is carried out. It involves:
·
A set of common procedures such as betrothal or engagement, courtship,
honeymoon, wedding
· A common set of values and norms e.g incest taboo which forbids sexual intercourse with blood relations thereby necessitating marriage outside the immediate family (exogamy), love between husband and wife in a way different from that which is expected between brother and sister. Marriage involves choice of mates.
Marriage
allows the social relationship in which sexual expression is expected to take
place for the major purpose of procreation. But if much sexual expression
within and outside marriage is for the purpose of sexual urge gratification
rather than procreation, then sex plays an important role in self-fulfillment
in both rural and urban areas.
Marriage
is sanctioned by the society. It provides the social systems within which
social roles and statuses are prescribed.
Features of the Rural Family
The
rural family is characterized by many features such as familism, production and
consumption of goods and services, continuity, size, child bearing and rearing,
socialization, participation in family decision making, marital expectations
and evaluation.
Familism
could be described as the degree to which members of the family show solidarity
in the process of performing the multifarious role of the family institution.
It
involves the following factors:
·
The extent to which personal goals are made secondary to be consistent with
family goals.
·
The extent to which control is exerted over individual members so that family
values are imposed on each member, who in turn accepts the values.
·
Personal security of individual members of a family which shows familism is generated
by members through their deep sense of integration into the family.
·
It embodies an intergenerational family group in which many generations live
under one roof near one another.
·
Existence of family property such as land, house, shares in companies, animals
and farm crops. This practice discovers age’s individualism among members.
·
Continuity of the family ensures that members bring in their children into the
fold so that it does not discontinue when certain members die.
·
Mutual help exists among members who are assisted to set up their own farms,
pay education costs, dowries, burial and other forms of expenses when the need
arises.
The advantages of familism
This
includes:
·
Keeping the children in greater contact so as to deepen affection for one
another.
·
Exercising control over members to protect the family integrity; ethnic and
rural standards, apprenticeship in the family early occupation, which is
frequently farming in the rural area.
·
Assistance in financing early education, purchase of work equipment and
marriage expenses, feeding, clothing and other personal expenses.
The disadvantages of familism
This
includes:
·
Self-centeredness, which makes a family to always look for the interest of its
members, while it frequently closes its eyes to the consideration of other
families.
·
Members tend to be narrow-minded and parochial; the personalities of members
are at about the same level.
·
Families limit chances of allowing members in rural families to take up other
occupations.
·
The system of seniority frequently adopted lowers the rate of self-realization
of talented family members.
·
Whenever a family member violates the norms, the family image rather than that
of the individual is considered as tarnished.
Functions of the Family
The
family performs many societal functions to ensure the welfare and progress of
its members.
The
functions include:
·
Reproduction of the human species. That is grant life.
·
Care and rearing of the young offspring particularly at infancy and years of
dependence.
·
Education of the children.
·
Protection from enemies, danger and psychological isolation, provision of love
and affection to reduce tension and frustration.
·
Care of the aged and disabled family members.
·
Production and consumption of good and services.
·
Moral and financial support to family members in time of joy and trouble.
·
Social, psychological and material support in time of bereavement, disaster or
other forms or adversities.
·
Provide socialization. That is, the family equips the individual with the knowledge
which he/she will need in order to play his/her roles in the society.
Stages in the Family Life of a Rural Farmer
The
family life and the farm business life of a rural farmer are intricately
interwoven. The success of one highly influences the viability of the other.
However, some stages are distinguishable in the life a farm family.
1. Farm apprenticeship:
This stage commences as early as the child is able to walk to the farm himself.
It begins about the age of three or four years and extends till the adolescent
years when the young farmer is looking for a wife at the age of 15 - 20.
Initially,
the young child is taken to the farm and asked to watch the father as he
operates the farm so as to inculcate the habit of preparing for work. At the
age of five or six, the child is given farm implements with which to work. He
is apportioned a small piece of land to work upon. He learns how to operate
farm implements gradually. The apprentice turns to a skilled farm operator who
continues to assist the father on a family farm.
2. Operation of a farm
business on a limited scale: The young farmer opens up
his own farm on a large scale than when he was serving the father, but on a
limited scale when compared with that of a full-fledged farmer. He still gets
advice from the father on how to operate his farm at his own discretion and as
a mark of recognition of the father’s experience and to promote family
solidarity.
The
enthusiasm of early independence from the family farm propels him to work. The
encouragement obtained from the young wife also stimulates him to work harder.
Unfortunately in south-western Nigeria, like in many developing societies where
owner-operators of farms are predominant, this is also the period when many
young farmers over socialize by attending many club meetings, parties, dances,
funerals and marriage ceremonies which involve wastage of their resources which
ought to have been wisely invested in farm business. This stage lasts till the
age of about 30 years.
3. The third stage is that of the owner-operator of a farm business on a large scale with his family. At this stage, the farmer has now raised his children to maturity as he was raised by his father. The children now assist him on the farm. He thus opens up large areas of land using family labour. It is the period when farmers become most prosperous in farming. The farmer is primarily concerned with maintenance operations, and opening up of some new farm projects. This lasts up till the age of about 45 years to 50.
4. Owner-operator of a farm business on a
small scale without the family: The farmer is now declining in energy. He
depends on hired labourers to carry out much of his farm operations if he has a
large farm. His returns from the farm start to decline because of greater
investments in running the farm which had been previously supplied via family
labour. Hardworking farmers would have built houses in the village by the end
of the third stage. They actually would have started to build the house in the
town, which they would complete early in the fourth stage of life.
5.
The fifth stage is that of retirement from active farming. The farmer has
attained the age of seventy and above. Those who have succeeded in building
their own houses in the town spend much of the time in town. Those who have not
built their personal houses in the town spend much of the time in their village
houses and visit the town as occasions demand (Jibowo 1992). This farm has now
turned into a bush with spots of tree crops growing here and there on the farm.
The farmer that is still energetic manages to maintain the tree crops which
remain productive through spot-weeding. He tries to grow some annual crops for
his subsistence and also depends on the support of prosperous children for his
sustenance. He remains a partially active farmer until he dies, unless old age
makes him unable to go to the farm. The foregoing stages in the life-cycle of a
typical farmer in southwestern Nigeria are similar to the situation in many
other societies where family-sized farms predominate.
Forms of Marriage
It
was earlier said that marriage involves choice of mates. This may be done
outside one’s group or blood relations in which case it is described as
exogamy, or within some specified group, the case of which could be described as
endogamy. Where one man and one woman are involved, the marriage is described
as monogamy.
Where
more than two people are involved, it is called polygamy. Polygamy can assume
three forms. One is the case of one man married to two or more women. This is called
polygamy. This is most common among traditional villagers and Muslims in
Nigeria.
This
second form of polygamy is one involving one woman and two or more men. This is
known as polyandry and has been identified among very few tribes in the world.
The Todas of southern India are known to accept fraternal polygamy in which one
woman is married to two or more brothers. The offspring of a union belong to
the extended family directly rather than to a particular father.
The
third form of polygamy is what is known as group marriage and involves several
men and women in marriage relationships with one another with no sense of
exclusive ownership. Murdock (2002) in his study of 250 societies found that
only 43 (17%) practised monogamy as a rule while the rest (8.3%) allowed
different forms of polygamy.
Levirate Marriage
This
is a type of marriage which involves the inheritance of a widow by the deceased
husband’s male relations. This form of marriage is based on reasoning that a
wife is part of the possessions of the husband which are passed down the
extended family line on his demise. Levirate marriage is a secondary form of
marriage and entails no elaborate ceremony.
Also read: Most Commonly Methods of Studying Children in Nigeria
Factors Associated With Polygamous Marriage in Nigeria
Polygamous
marriage in Nigeria could be attributed to many factors.
Significant
among these are:
1. Economic Reasons: In
societies where little mechanization is practiced, most economic production is
carried out manually.
Therefore,
the greater the number of hands available, the greater the productivity of the
family. People who have large areas of farm land usually marry more than one
wife so as to enhance the available free labour force.
2. Religious Beliefs:
The Moslem religion permits its adherents who are able, to take as many as four
wives. The well-to-do among them have married more than one wife.
3. The Need for Children:
Sometimes a man may take a second or third wife if the first is not productive
or fruitful. In the traditional Ibibio of south eastern Nigeria, a barren woman
in fact, went out of her way to marry another woman for her husband.
In
addition, in the traditional society a man’s prestige was enhanced by the
number of children in his compound and so the more women he acquired, the
larger his compound grew.
In
some cases, the need for a male child who would inherit the property of the
family also encourages men to take additional wives.
4. Social or Cultural
Obligations: Some men in Nigeria have found themselves
with more than one wife purely due to social or cultural reasons. A successful
businessman or traditional leader may be given a girl gratis by someone who
desires to pay homage, indicate respect, seek favour or just seek a closer
relationship with him.
Culture
warrants that such a “gift” be accepted gratefully. Similarly, tradition may
require that the widows of a relative be inherited by the surviving next of
kin. The man may have married his own chosen wife already, thus he becomes obliged
by tradition to take on the widows of his relations.
5. Gratification of Sexual:
Needs Men’s sex needs are known to be more imperious than women’s sex urge.
Thus, men who desire socially approved sexual outlets when their wives are
either pregnant or menstruating take on additional wives.
Also read: PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION: MEANING AND RELEVANCE
Conclusion on Marriage and the family in Nigeria
The
family is the basic unit of all societies. It is the basic social group, a
basic social system and the most important universal social institution.
This
article examines the concept of marriage and family, features and functions of
the rural family, stages in the life-cycle of a typical farmer, forms of
marriage and factors responsible for the polygamous family system in Nigeria.
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