Animal
production is an aspect of agricultural production. Agriculture is simply
defined as the art and science of crop, animal and fibre production for human
consumption. As a branch of agriculture, animal production deals with
production of domesticated animals other than pets and game animals.
As
a subject matter it has roots in the natural sciences not only by the
application of basic principles of science but also in theoretical foundations.
Thus, animal production relates in certain aspects to zoology, pathology, genetics, microbiology, botany, biochemistry, chemistry, physics, statistics, mathematical and pharmaceutical sciences.
Since animal production forms a
central theme in the provision of essential human needs, the evolution of its
practices over time has benefited from skills and knowledge acquired through
cultural and scientific techniques.
Both traditional and scientific skills have served useful purposes in the development and advancement of animal production.
While the traditional technique often
evolves slowly over several decades; conservative; limited to a locality or
group of people and possibly extended by ancestral linkage; the scientific
techniques has proven to be more versatile, and considered as a better
alternative approach.
It is more dependable in conveying knowledge and skills from an individual or from one place to another. Science-based skills much more than cultural skills are indeed more sustainable and profitable for individual farmers and nations applying them in their production activities or systems.
Far
beyond meeting social, economic, nutritional and profitability targets
application of scientific principles in animal production has sustained productivity
to barely satisfy the present level of world demands for animal products.
Under
the traditional practice and knowledge system, taboos, custom and beliefs are
associated with production, processing and consumption of livestock and
livestock products. The Hindus religious sect of India, for example, forbids
the slaughter of cattle and consumption of beef.
Similarly
in Nigeria, the Fulani cattle owners derive social dignity in terms of number
or heads of cattle owned by an individual rather than the productivity of the
herd.
In
addition, same herders are traditionally bound to a specific coat colour or
breed of animals inherited from their ancestors and may not permit introduction
of a different coat colour or breed even if the latter offers superior desirable
traits.
Acceptance of certain beneficial technologies
for adoption has suffered from rigid adherence to certain traditional beliefs
or practices notwithstanding the potential advantages they hold.
The
use of artificial insemination as a cheaper means of crossbreeding exotic
(foreign) bulls with the local breeds of cows for instance was resisted and
rejected by local herdsmen because they considered it un-natural to inseminate
animals by artificial method and processes.
In some instances, the traditional skills have been of tremendous to support to the production and healthcare of animals especially in areas remote from access to orthodox drugs and healthcare services.
The use of herbs and bark of trees
for disease treatment or to lessen reproductive difficulties has been shown to
be effective.
Indigenous
knowledge has in recent time become an interesting subject of research study.
However, limitations of extending the practice for wider adoption, ascertaining
the quantity of active ingredient, determining the application rate or
preserving such materials have constituted a major constraint, besides the slow
rate of their discoveries.
The application of scientific principles and skills on the other hand has surpassed these limitations, and has greatly improved production and productivity of livestock with the aid of scientific principles; careful study of anatomy and physiology of the body systems of various livestock species; formulation of different feed and nutrient requirements for varying production purposes or targets have been determined, and are in use.
On these principles diets are
formulated and applied in accordance with body requirements of the class and
specie of the animal. In animal breeding, genetic studies have made provisions
for crossing two or more breeds of animal with near predictable characteristics
of the offspring, obtain higher hybrid vigour or determine how much of the
character is heritable.
Closely
related to this is the artificial insemination technology which evolved from
the accumulation of scientific knowledge on reproductive physiology and anatomy
of animals.
It
is possible to collect and extend genetic material from a productive and proven
male animal to artificially inseminate several other female animals far away
from the environment of the bull or its generation. New advances in
biotechnology application in animal production suggest production of several
offspring’s from artificial initiation of stem cell division into many units, each
of which is capable to grow into individual animal.
Several
applications of scientific principles have evolved into skills and technologies
with tremendous impact on improving animal production system, productivity and
profitability.
One
beauty of the application of science is the ease with which it can be extended
over a wide geographical area, its potency to solve the problem being targeted
and the assurance to bring results if the procedures are carefully followed as
well as the fast rate of generating new discoveries.
Key Roles of Animal Production in Nigeria
The
importance of animal production to the Nigerian economy derives largely from
its provision of animal protein foodstuff, employment, industrial raw materials
and foreign exchange earnings, and extends to several socio-cultural roles
among different societies.
The
recognized role of animal production in the nutrition of Nigerians particularly
as source of animal protein stems from the common knowledge that 35 per cent of
the nation’s meat supply comes alone from sheep and goats not to mention
supplies from cattle, swine and poultry.
Failures
to meet demand for the animal protein have resulted in continual importation of
animal products with or without official permission. Optimum animal protein
intake, without exaggeration, is required for optimum physical and mental
development of every individual.
The
Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO, 1985) of the United Nations recommended
a minimum of about 56g of protein intake per person per day to be consistent
with good living. About 50 per cent (or 28g) of this should come from such
animal protein sources as meat, milk, eggs and fish.
The
British Medical Association recommended a higher minimum intake of 68g per
person per day. Most Nigerians consume less than 10g of protein per person per
day out of which only about 3.2g is animal protein compared to the recommended
daily intake of 28g.
The
expected role of animal production is to fill the wide gap of about 25g of
daily animal protein intake per person in Nigeria (Dafwang, 2006).
Engagement
in farm animal production activities provides gainful employment and means of
livelihood to a large cross section of Nigerians as herdsmen, butchers,
livestock specialists, manufacturers and suppliers of feeds, drugs and other
production inputs, marketers and traders in the diverse animal products
produced regularly and on daily basis.
In certain part of Nigeria, animal production activities offer an alternative full employment during the dry season when other agricultural production activities are reduced or non-existent.
The alternative means of employment at off season
enables the people concerned to earn a living while discouraging tendency to
engage in vice habits.
The provision of primary industrial raw materials of animal origin is a major consideration for undertaking production of animals in most countries.
Nigeria is known for export of the famous ‘Morocco leather’ obtained from the skin of Red Sokoto breed of goats in addition to the hides and skins from other livestock.
Milk and eggs produced in large quantities in the developed nations
form raw materials for large and long chain of assorted industrial firms upon
which the economies of the countries depend.
The
economy of Holland is largely dependent on dairying activities, so also are
nations of Australia and New Zealand whose revenues are derived substantially
from live animals, beef and other meat products.
Export of industrial raw materials of animal source naturally translates into huge foreign exchange earnings for the exporting countries.
As a result, nations
aspiring to earn large foreign revenue make specific plans to develop their
livestock industries for optimum productivity.
The
potentials of the Nigerian livestock industry to develop in order to satisfy
domestic demands and earn huge foreign exchange within the sub-Saharan African
and West African regions are clearly indicated in the impressive contributions
of the subsector to the economy.
These
important roles and benefits from a well-organized livestock production system
are yet to be tapped to the fullest in Nigeria.
However,
one role of animal production that seems to have been exploited perhaps to its
maximum is the use of livestock production to meet socio-cultural obligations
in marriages and festivals, where animals are used for sacrifices and as
symbols of social status in the communities concerned. These cultural
obligations are of tremendous social values to a large section of producers in
Nigeria.
There
is a great task ahead to re-orientate and modify these values into the primary
objectives of animal production which entail provision of animal protein food
needed for growth development, gainful employment and improved livelihood.
There
is also an urgent need for repositioning the industry to earn foreign exchange
for the nation as well as produce raw materials for industrial growth.
Read on: INTRODUCTION TO ANIMAL AGRICULTURE
0 Comments