Every
country has the right and the right to pursue the goals of its national
interest in international relations. It is his highest duty to meet the needs
of his people. Every country wants to be satisfied in all aspects of work.
However, in reality, no country can achieve independence in the age of one
hundred percent.
Countries
are always dependent, and they will remain so even after they have reached a
high level of development. "Treaty is an indisputable element of
international relations." It forces every country to engage in the process
of promoting and developing their relations with other countries.
Every
country develops political, economic, commercial, educational, cultural and
political relations with other countries.
In
today's world, no country can survive alone.
Each
state is bound by interdependence. This is why every state will dream of good
relations with other states. As a member of the international community, the
relationship between states determines and controls foreign policy.
Many
factors determine foreign policy and those factors are called determinants of
foreign policy.
What is Foreign Policy?
Foreign
policy can be defined as a set of principles, decisions and methods, adopted
and followed by a country to ensure its goals of national interest and
international relations.
Foreign
policy defines the goals of national interest and attempts to achieve them through
the use of national power.
George
Modelski defines foreign policy as "foreign policy is a set of programs
developed by a country to change the behavior of other states and to improve
their activities in the world".
In
simple words, it can be seen that foreign policy is a set of principles and
decisions, a system of thought and a course of action adopted by a country and
used to improve its relations with other countries and all international actors
the chosen and specific objectives of his national interest.
Foreign
policy involves international relations and programs.
Broadly
speaking, foreign policy is shaped by the types of actions and behaviors that
are related to the self-interest of other states. It is a decision-making
process to pursue certain international programs.
Foreign
policy refers to the combination of state responses to the global environment,
current and anticipated decisions.
The
way to meet national interests and goals is closely related to foreign policy.
Contains of Foreign Policy
• A set of principles, policies and decisions adopted by countries and followed in international relations.
• Objectives, purposes or objectives of the
national interest that must be pursued.
•
Meant to achieve the objective of public welfare.
•
General political principles and decisions on the conduct of international
relations.
•
Weighing the country's strengths and weaknesses against its national welfare
goals.
•
Plans, decisions and program activities to maintain continuity or change or
both in international relations.
12 Key Factors that Determine Foreign Policy
Foreign
policy is organized and implemented by those who make it. In doing so, they
take into account the national interests of the country, the internal and
external environment, national values, foreign policy goals and decisions of
other countries, and the nature of the international power system.
1. Size of State Territory
The
quality of the state is an important factor in its foreign policy. Quality
affects the mindset and performance of foreign policy makers and the public in
response.
It
includes both human and non-human resources. Countries with high human and
non-human resources always try to be great powers and they have a better chance
of becoming a great power in international relations.
Size
has been a factor in the foreign policy of the United States, Russia, China,
India, Brazil, France and others. Large states, except for a few, always create
and take an active foreign policy and thereby participate in international
relations.
However,
size alone is not an independent determinant of foreign policy. Resources and
state capacity do not always depend on size.
The
countries of the Middle East, even if they are small and have a lot of oil,
have played a large role in international relations. Japan is a small country,
but its role in international relations is active and influential.
Israel,
although it is a small country, has influenced the political path between
different countries.
Before
1945, Britain, with its small size, could function as a world power. The large
number causes problems of safety, security and maintaining communications. In
the absence of land borders, large cities often cause problems of relations
with neighboring states. Despite being large states, Australia's and Canada's
foreign policies have not worked well. Russia is a big situation, but his work
and relationships of the world are strong.
2. Geographical Factor
State
geography is a constant and stable factor in foreign policy. The topography of
the land, its fertility, climate and its location are the main factors that
affect the country's land and affect the country's foreign policy. The right
regional issues can help and encourage the country to embrace and pursue higher
goals.
The
role of the English Channel in the development of Britain as a great navy and
therefore as an imperial power is well known. The influence of the Atlantic
Ocean on American foreign policy has always been present. India's foreign
policy is now influenced by India's geographical location as India's largest
coastal state.
A
country's natural resources and food production capacity are tied to its
geography. These factors are also important in the formulation and
implementation of foreign policy. The good availability of important natural
resources, minerals, food and energy, has helped the foreign policy of the
United States and Russia.
Food
shortages were a major source of constraint in India's foreign policy in the
1950s and 1960s. The shortage of goods has affected Russia's foreign policy and
relations. Big oil has helped countries in West Asia and the Gulf to adopt oil
diplomacy as their way of foreign policy.
Geography,
as such, is an important and permanent factor in foreign policy, but it is not
the determining factor. Revolutionary developments in communications and modern
warfare, as well as the ability of nations to overcome regional barriers, have
led to a reduction in the importance of geography.
3. Level and Nature of Economic Development
One
of the main reasons why the foreign policy of the United States is often
successful in achieving its national goals, especially in relation to the poor
and underdeveloped states of the world, is the high level of development its
wealth.
The
developed countries of our time are highly developed and economically developed
countries. They can use foreign aid as a tool to achieve their foreign policy
objectives.
The
level of economic development decides to decide that the international
relationship requires to establish other countries. Other foreign laws of Japan
in a hybrid used in the corporation of his economic development. Military
preparedness and military capabilities of a nation are closely related to the
cause of economic development and production. Only developed and economically
developed countries can hope to become stable leaders and militaries.
The
economy consists of national strengths at times, it is now; It can be used
successfully to obtain foreign goals. America's economy has become a great deal
of prophecy from overseas. Russia's economic weakness caused it to change its
policy towards the United States and other countries. India's steady economic
growth has certainly boosted India's foreign relations.
Therefore,
the level and nature of economic development, productivity and improvement are
important aspects of foreign policy. The rise of India and China as economic
powers has shaped foreign policy not only in the Indo-Pacific region, but also
globally.
4. Cultural and Historical
Context
The
cultural and historical heritage of a foreign country is an important and
valuable factor in foreign policy. The values and traditions that
characterize the life of the people are the things that are very much affected
by the foreign policy.
The
strong cultural unity of the people has always been a source of strength for
him. It physically affects their ability to ensure national interest objectives
during international negotiations.
Historical
experience and cultural connections enable them to explore and analyze the
nature and extent of their relationship with other countries.
In
fact, the weakness of the foreign policy of many Asian and African countries is
due to the presence of internal conflicts and conflicts between their citizens.
Bitter
experience with the policies of imperialism and colonialism is the determining
factor in anti-authoritarianism and resistance to foreign rule by many newly
colonized countries.
History
is an important factor in determining the relationship between neighboring
countries. The foreign policy relationship between India and Pakistan is a
legacy of the historical past. The shadow of the 1962 story still lingers in
Sino-Indian relations.
However,
cultural values and relationships are subject to eternal change and change.
Historical experiences are also being forgotten in the face of national
interest.
The
existence of conflict between European countries, despite their cultural ties
and the development and persistence of friendship and strong relations between
the US and Japan, clearly shows that culture and history will be linked and
other factors before applying foreign laws.
The
traditional tradition has been a history of his history, and his philosophy and
tradition. Philosophy of non-violent, practice and the satyagram of Mahatma
Gandha turned on in Mahabharata and phase of the Lord Buddha. Gandhiji's own
experience in South Africa helped in realizing that India's freedom was closely
related to that of other Asian and African countries. In turn, Gandhi's ideas
influenced Jawaharlal Nehru.
Therefore,
it is not surprising that the defining characteristics of India's foreign
policy in the first few decades after independence were unconditional,
anti-colonialism, anti-apartheid, non-violence, neutrality, and intervention.
5. Public Appearance
The
nature and nature of the society in which foreign policy is implemented is also
important. The nature of social people and the degree of conflict and harmony
that defines their relationship is determined by the social structure. A
country of internal strife and intense conflict acts as a source of weakness
for foreign policy.
A
society of united, enlightened and disciplined people with a high level of
unity is often a source of strength. The democratization of the legal system in
recent times has increased the importance of social organization as an object
of foreign law. The connection between the country and the world has
strengthened those people.
6. Government Structure
Another
important aspect of foreign policy is the organization and organization of the
government, that is, the organization that is responsible for the development
and implementation of foreign policy.
The
nature of foreign policy is also determined by whether or not the institutions
in charge of the government are democratic.Whether government relations are centralized
or decision-making is free and open.
Government
officials also work as decision makers and this is always affected in the
formulation of foreign policy. Foreign policy must be compatible with the
environment.
In
a centralized and authoritarian system, foreign policy can often be isolated
from the environment.
The
nature of the relationship between the legislature and the executive is also an
important factor in foreign policy decision-making. Consistency between the
two, as in the parliamentary system, can be a source of strength and
inconsistency between the two can be a hindrance to foreign policy makers.
Similarly,
the nature of party systems, elections and voters are other factors that
influence. The continuity of Indian foreign policy is also due to the nature of
government formation in India.
7. Internal Situation
According
to an external process, sudden change, chaos or problem occurs around the country
that affects the appearance and forecast. Listed by Nixon Principal and Word
about the liquid that is mostly highly available to the National River in the
United States under the Prince of Fort.
Civil
resistance against military rule in Pakistan from 1947 to 1989 was a defining
factor in Pakistan's foreign policy. Similarly, the declaration of emergency in
India in 1975 affected India's relations with other countries, especially those
with power. Changes and government is a change in the foreign country of
origin.
The
increase of new leader in China is an important gift in China's foreigner. The
rise of India's BJP-led government since 2014 has prompted some changes in
India's relations with its neighbours.
The
situation inside Pakistan, a military-ruled state that attempts to be a
democratic political system, is often a factor in Pakistan's foreign policy.
8. Values, Skills, Experience
and Nature of Leaders
Since
leaders, governments and ambassadors make foreign policy and put it into
practice, although it bears the mark of their values, skills, experience and
personality. The opinions, orientations, likes, dislikes, attitudes, knowledge,
skills and world views of national decision makers are the influencing factors
of foreign policy.
The
difference between leaders is also a foreign policy intervention. India's
foreign policy up to 1964 is often, and rightly, described as Nehru's foreign
policy.
The
domestic support and popularity that Prime Minister Nehru enjoyed as foreign
policy was stated. Pakistan's foreign policy, under the influence of General
Musharraf's ideology, has undergone major changes. India's decision to develop
nuclear weapons was actually made under the influence of the ideology and
worldview of the BJP leaders, who came to power in 1998.
The
foreign policy of any country is influenced by the behavior of its leaders.
Changes in government often lead to changes in a country's foreign policy. The rise
of strong leaders like Narendra Modi and Donald Trump has shaped their
countries' foreign policies in recent years.
However,
this does not mean that this factor is an independent foreign policy
determinant. Leaders are always guided by the principles and requirements of
the national interest. Every leader strives to ensure the national welfare of
the country.
9. Political Activities
In
Roseau’s words, "the extent, to which public officials are accountable to
citizens, whether through elections, party competition, legislative oversight,
or other means, can have significant consequences over time and the content of
the plans that are created and the projects that are active in abroad.
A
political system that is responsive and accountable to the people working in
the environment is different from a political system that is a closed system,
that is, a system that is not open or answers questions for people. As such,
the foreign policy of an open political system is more responsive to public
opinion and public demands than the foreign policy of a closed political
system.
The
difference between the foreign policies of democratic and
totalitarian/authoritarian states is always largely due to its factor.
10. Thoughts (Ideology)
Foreign
policy is a set of principles and strategies adopted by a country to achieve
the objectives of national interest. It always has an ideological content.
In
order to gain support for its goals and for criticizing the foreign policy
goals of other countries, it needs and accepts an ideology or certain
ideological principles. The idea of communism remained an important factor in
the foreign policy of communist countries during the period 1945-90.
The
concept of anti-communism and democracy has always had an impact on the form
and process of foreign policy of non-communist countries. The conflict of ideas
remained a defining factor in the Cold War (1945-1990) policies of the two
powers.
The
promotion of democracy, decentralization and liberalization in the socialist
states of Europe, the new states of Central Asia, Russia and Mongolia gave a
new direction to international relations in the post-1990. . Similarly,
ideological commitment is the main source of cooperation in the foreign policy
of Islamic countries.
11. Public Opinion
Public
society, the world that society is another important gift to another prophecy.
The judges will accept and give a place to think about public views.
Undoubtedly, decision makers as leaders must lead the public, but they must
also respond to the demands of public opinion.
The
US Senate's refusal to ratify American membership in the League of Nations and
the opposition to the Vietnam War by Americans and other peoples had a
significant impact on US foreign policy.
The
real force behind the objectives of disarmament, arms control and nuclear
disarmament, anti-colonialism and anti-apartheid policies of various nations,
has been world public opinion.
The
rise of many peace and development movements in the world has actually acted as
a brake against foreign policies of war, aggression and destruction. No one is
ready now to talk and act like Hitler and Mussolini did in the 1930s.
Therefore,
as the international system undergoes significant changes, the foreign policy
of the world and India is moving forward. Other factors such as technology,
international power systems, international alliances and agreements, and global
organizations also play a key role in shaping a country's foreign policy.
All
decide all the decisions of the foreign law of the foreign order and mixture.
They are interacted with or on the nature of nature and implementation of
foreign laws. None of these things can work in isolation. All these factors
must be examined together to understand the nature and purpose of each
country's foreign policy.
12. Degree of Diplomacy
The
quality of diplomacy is one of the most important factors that determine
foreign policy. The success or failure of a state in international politics
depends on its political strategy and its effectiveness. Each of the goals and
objectives of the state is strongly determined by the diplomatic wisdom of the
government.
All
foreign policy objectives are determined by those involved in diplomatic
activity. It is through diplomatic activity that major ties and differences
with other states are resolved. Diplomas determine the process for combining
different interests.
Common Foreign Policy Goals
•
Protect the country's dignity and develop national power.
•
Upholding the integrity of the state
•
Promote common interests
•
Ensure national security
•
Keep the world order.
In conclusion, from the above discussion of the determinants of foreign policy, it can be seen that foreign policy is influenced by many factors. In space and time, a particular element may gain importance over different elements. In many cases, anything or everything that determines anything may seem irrelevant.
Again,
due to changes in space or time, this can play an important role.
In
addition, some factors can affect the joint development of foreign policy.
Therefore, it is not possible to create a universal opinion on the work of a
single decision-maker.
0 Comments