International
relations generally refer to the relations of States. There is no state in the
world today that is completely self-sufficient or isolated from others. Each
land is directly or indirectly dependent on the other.
Therefore,
in the international crisis, trust between states has been established. Due to
the collapse of this state, a separate topic called "International
Cooperation" has been created with the aim of discussing how to achieve
peace and prosperity in the world through cooperation, avoiding conflict, war
etc.
A
broad system of international relations and its basis is interdependence. The
speed of international relations has increased with the development of
information technology.
International
relations as a special academic discipline appeared at the beginning of the
20th century, mainly after the First World War. The Soviet Union's 1917 peace
treaty and President Woodrow Wilson's 14-point policy of 1918 are known as
important documents in international relations.
Meaning and Definitions
International
relations as a different program dealing with international events and global
issues between states considered in the context of the international system.
Its main topics are the role of the state, international organizations,
non-governmental organizations and international organizations. It is both an
academic field and a government policy area, and it can be critical or
normative, as this field of knowledge is used in foreign policy analysis and
planning.
There
is no correct definition of international relations. Experts have explained it
from their own point of view. There are also problems with the definition of
international relations.
Often,
international relations is considered as a group of world politics and
international politics. Palmer and Perkins are the most famous names in
international relations because of their importance in the definition and
subject in international relations.
According
to them, international relations are influenced by the forces, pressures and
processes that control the nature of human life, work and thoughts and social
relations in the world community. In other words, the discussion of
international relations includes both political and non-political issues.
According to Quincy Wright, international relations include "the relationship between many institutions with uncertain powers" and "not only countries that international relations seek to unite.
A variety of different
types - nations, states, governments, people, regions, alliances, alliances,
international organizations, even industrial organizations, cultural
organizations, religious organizations - must be treated in the study of social
relations. International, if the treatment is true. "
Finally,
the accepted definition of international relations is that international
relations is a multifaceted activity that affects the relationship between
different countries of the world, non-governmental organizations, international
organizations , war and peace, ceasefire, joint training, terrorism and
everything international system.
International
relations have a great impact on world politics, and the research and practice
of the subject from modern politics and contemporary politics, the relationship
between many states and political ideas about problems economy and world,
social change, cooperation and debate.
The Scope of International Relations
As
a subject of study, international relations is a new and developing subject.
His field of work continued to expand and develop. The field of study of
international relations includes the following areas or topics:
1. State Procedures
The
study of international relations instigates with the state system. We can see the
great influence of the state system on the international situation for three
centuries. Individuals organize themselves into sovereign nations that strive
to achieve their interests.
The
conflicting interests of these sovereign nations lead to conflict, and
international politics is a natural product of the conflict between sovereign
nations. Not all states adopt the states of all other countries. Some are
important because of their neighborhood, some because of their military power
or wealth, while others because of race or culture. In short, the relationship
between the states is the result of the owners of the country and international
relations studies these relationships.
2. Sex and Co-operation
International
relations study the relationship between two or more states, which are often
complex and have different geopolitical, historical, social, religious,
ideological, strategic and material influences. Guidance.
Generally,
these relationships have taken the form of cooperation and conflict.
Relationships and conflicts are two sides of the same coin. Inspired by the
fact that they are conflicts in international history rather than two societies
living together in different periods of history International relations are the
main study of both conflicts and civil relations.
3. General and Diplomatic
History
In the early years of his training, his birth was history. International relations have long been compared to international or international history. In this tradition, some important events have been raised to be considered from a historical perspective.
Over time, the historical process was changed by many
new and better methods, but history and events did not stop their importance
for international relations. For example, to study recent Indo-Pakistan
relations, one has to go back in time to know their historical context. The
study of history in general and diplomacy in particular cannot be separated
from international relations.
4. Strength
In
the period following World War II, power became a central theme in the study of
international relations. According to Morgenthau, international politics is
nothing but the politics of power and can only be truly understood if it is
seen as a concept of interest defined in terms of power of the nation. Power
has practical and strategic importance. It is the main factor that determines
the policies of the capital of the world and of international relations in
general.
In
international relations, one examines the nature, substance and size of
national power, the balance of power, the balance of power and the extent of
national power. The main areas of power studied are: international law,
international ethics, social theory, balance of power, collective security and
international organizations.
5. International and Union
Law
International
law acts as a deterrent to national power and state action. Therefore, it is
accepted as a very important part of the study of international relations.
International law consists of rules governing and determining the conduct of
nations in times of peace as well as in times of war. Therefore, a good
knowledge of international law is necessary to understand international
relations.
The
United Nations, the largest of all international organizations, the regional
organization of NATO, OAS, EEC and SAARC and other international or regional
organizations have taken an important role in today's world. These
international organizations provide forums for cooperation and dispute
resolution and are governed by their own governments. These groups are designed
for economic, military, technological or cultural cooperation between member
countries. Since all these organizations and institutions have an impact on
local relations, they become international to that extent.
6. War and Peace
Almost all studies of international relations
focus on the problems of war and peace. There is no smaller problem than that
of human life. Conflicts of interest and the height of conflict between nations
often lead to war between two or more nations or groups of them. War is as old
as the state itself and is followed by some form of peace and settlement. War
and peace work are now systematically studied in this area. The study of
international relations is very important for all people and requires an
interdisciplinary approach.
7. National Interests
National
interest is the goal of sovereign nations. His goal with the help of power and
through the tools of foreign policy. In the same way, national interest is the
main link of international relations. Hartmann correctly stated that
international relations as a field of study focuses on the process by which
states balance their national interests with those of other states. Therefore,
concern for national interests becomes central to the conduct of national
policies. National interest rate has been a useful factor in analyzing the
history and practice of a country's foreign policy.
8. Concept
The
20th century was also the beginning of various ideas such as Communism,
Socialism, Capitalism, Nazism, Fascism, Totalitarianism, Liberalism, etc. With
conflicting political, economic and social systems, ideological issues have
come to the fore at the international level.
Since
the First World War, many international issues have had different views that
make relations between countries more difficult. Undoubtedly, for some years
now, we have been talking about the end of the concept and breaking the idol of
international relations, but the elements of the concept cannot be ignored in
the study of international relations. To understand international relations at
this time, we must take into account the process of objectification and
de-idealization.
9. Foreign Policy
Sovereign
countries conduct their foreign relations and deal with each other through
foreign policy and thus foreign policy is international policy as a document
that has national interests and shows areas of agreement and conflict. It
explains the idea that the state will put its influence at the end of its total
performance. Although foreign policy is not the be-all and end-all of
international relations, it is nevertheless an important part of its study.
10. Affiliates and
Associations
Undoubtedly,
many major alliances, including NATO, Warsaw Pact, SEATO, CENTO, etc. which
flourished in the 1950s and early 1960s has now lost relevance, but social politics
has become an important part of the study of post-war international relations.
The
study of international relations focuses on the factors that contribute to the
success of such military alliances, the degree of their unity, and their impact
on the balance of power between the states involved. There are also other
groups that are not military alliances such as communist countries, free world,
Islamic world, non-aligned countries, Arab countries, African countries, etc.
They work together on many common issues inside and outside the UN.
The
factors that unite them, the degree of their unity and their conflict with
other groups, are the subject of international relations.
11. Economic Matters
Both
economic and security interests play a role in inter-state political
transactions and gain importance in civil society. No one can ignore in
international relations economic factors such as the food crisis, economic
planning and development, exchange rates, tariffs, foreign exchange management,
commodity contracts, international trade, balance of payments, foreign aid,
differences between developed and underdeveloped countries, the demand for a
new international economic system, international investment, international
institutions, international financial institutions such as the World Bank and
the International Monetary Fund and many other United Nations agencies and
financial institutions and local abundance.
The
Marxist approach to international relations emphasizes only economic factors,
and many non-communist theories also recognize the role of economic factors in
international life. Economic issues come under international relations as it
affects relations between states.
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