Foreign
policy, the general purpose that guides the activities and relations of the
state and its relations with other states. The development of international law
policies are affected, principles or behavior of other state, or features you
will be able to explain Leopold von Ranke have appeared the beginning of the
planet and external order of foreigners, but the authors stress.
Diplomacy
is a tool of foreign policy, and war, alliances and international trade can all
be its manifestations.
A
state's foreign policy includes strategies it uses to protect its international
and domestic interests and decide how to interact with state and non-state
actors. The main purpose of foreign policy is to protect the national interests
of the country, which can be through negative or violent means.
In
this article, you will know what foreign policy is, its concepts and examples
What is Foreign Policy?
Foreign
policy is the process by which a country's government directs its relations
with other countries. The state's foreign policy reflects its principles and
objectives and contributes to the achievement of its political and economic
goals at the global level.
Many
foreign policies also focus heavily on national and international security, and
will help determine how countries interact with international organizations,
such as the United Nations, and citizens of other countries. Foreign policy is
shaped and influenced by many factors.
These
include:
•
The state of the country in many areas, including geographical, financial,
political, etc;
•
Practices and foreign policies of other countries
•
Broader international strategic and political conditions (for example, are
there wars or conflicts? Are there business alliances to consider?)
•
Growth strategies, such as economic growth or technological progress.
Guided by foreign policy, ambassadors and diplomatic representatives can work across borders to solve common challenges, promote stability and protect interests.
A
country's foreign policy works closely with its domestic policy, which is
another type of public policy that focuses on domestic issues. Together, these
two policies support each other and contribute to improving the state of the
country both internally and externally.
Foreign Policy Examples
In
2013, China developed a foreign policy known as the Belt and Road Initiative,
the national strategy to develop stronger economic ties in Africa, Europe and
North America.
Many presidents are known for their landmark foreign policy decisions such as the Monroe Doctrine which opposed the imperialist takeover of an independent state such as United States. Foreign policy can also be a decision not to participate in international organizations and negotiations, such as other isolationist policies of North Korea.
United Kingdom
UK
foreign policy is the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office, which is
overseen by the Foreign Secretary. Recent issues at the UK Foreign Office
include imposing sanctions on Russia over its ongoing conflict with Ukraine and
the introduction of the New Ireland Protocol Bill.
The
UK has continued to take progressive action against the Syrian government.
Following
the UK's exit from the European Union (EU) - scheduled for 2020 - UK
policymakers are focusing on new trade negotiations with international
partners.
United States America
United
States America's foreign policy is overseen by the United States Department of
State, which states that its mission is "to protect and promote the
security, prosperity, and democratic values of the United States, and to create
a global environment in which all Americans can inside beautiful."
Appropriations
and foreign policy legislation are overseen by the House Committee on Foreign
Affairs, a standing committee of the United States House of Representatives
that has jurisdiction over matters such as aid, HIV/AIDS abroad and democracy
promotion. It also has six standing sub-committees dealing with human rights
issues, disaster relief, international development and other matters in
different parts of the world, such as Asia or the Middle East.
Recent
developments in American national affairs include the end of its war in
Afghanistan and confirmation of its support for a two-state solution to the
ongoing conflict between Palestine and Israel.
China
China's
foreign policy includes the following:
1.
To maintain the independence and sovereignty of the state.
2.
Supporting world peace.
3.
A friendly relationship.
4.
Promoting unity and cooperation among developing countries.
5.
Increase efforts to open and update it.
China's
foreign policy also states that China does not engage in international
relations with any country that has formally recognized Taiwan, which China
does not recognize as a separate country.
Nigeria
Nigeria's
foreign policy has been praised for its emphasis on regional and international
issues.
Its
objectives are set out in its constitution and include:
•
Promotion and protection of national interests
•
Promotion of African unification and support for African unity
•
Promotion of international cooperation for the establishment of global peace
and mutual respect among all nations, and the elimination of discrimination in
all its manifestations.
•
Respect for international law and treaty obligations, and the pursuit of
international dispute resolution through negotiation, communication,
treaty-making, arbitration and litigation.
•
Promotion of a fair global economic system
What is the Difference Between Foreign Policy and International Relations?
International
relations are discipline of political science and can be considered as one of
the social sciences - it is a field of study that examines the relations
between countries.
On
the other hand, foreign policy is an operational principle that guides how a
country interacts with other countries.
Foreign Policy and Practice: Influences and Consequences
How does Foreign Policy Affect International Politics?
Because
foreign policy is done to protect national interests and influence relations
with other countries at the world level, they have a direct impact on world
politics. But it is also fair to say that international affairs contribute to
the formulation of foreign policy.
There
are also many international organizations and non-governmental organizations
(NGOs) that have a direct impact on international relations and foreign policy,
such as:
•
United Nations
•
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
•
European Union
How does Foreign Policy Affect the World Economy?
Foreign policy can have a significant impact on the economy, both at home and abroad. Although this is partly because policies are often focused on the economic development of their countries, it is also because almost any aspect of foreign policy will have significant impact on the global financial system in general terms.
For example, Foreign Policy magazine reported earlier this year that the
war in Ukraine unleashed by Russian President Vladimir Putin has already
changed the global economy.
Meanwhile,
the UK's withdrawal from the EU has had an ongoing financial impact and
consequences for trade relations across Europe (and even beyond), while
pandemic-related containment measures COVID-19 outbreaks in various countries
have had a lasting effect on global supply chains and finance.
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Diplomacy and Foreign Policy
When
foreign policy is based on diplomacy, the leaders of the country communicate
and cooperate with other world leaders to prevent conflict. Often, ambassadors
are sent to represent a country's foreign policy interests at international
events.
Although
the emphasis on diplomacy is the cornerstone of many states' foreign policy,
there are others who rely on military pressure or other less diplomatic
methods.
Diplomacy
has played an important role in de-escalating international crises, and the
Missile Crisis of 1962 is a prime example. During the Cold War, intelligence
told President John F. Kennedy and the Soviet Union was sending weapons to
Cuba, possibly preparing for war against the United States. President Kennedy
was forced to choose between a conservative foreign policy, talking to Soviet
President Nikita Khrushchev, and a more military one.
The
former president decided to impose an embargo around Cuba and threaten another
war if Soviet ships carrying weapons tried to invade.
To prevent further progress, Khrushchev agreed to withdraw all weapons from Cuba, and in return Kennedy agreed not to invade Cuba and to withdraw American weapons from Turkey (which was far from the Soviet Union).
This time is
important because the two governments discussed a solution that ended the
current conflict, prevention, and the cessation of the conflict more, the
weapons that are close to each other's borders.
The History of Foreign Policy and Diplomatic Organizations
Foreign
policy has existed since people organized themselves into groups. However, the
study of foreign policy and the creation of international organizations to
promote diplomacy is a recent phenomenon.
One
of the first international bodies established to discuss foreign policy was the
Concert of Europe in 1814 after the Napoleonic Wars. This gave the major
European powers (Austria, France, Britain, Prussia and Russia) a forum to
resolve issues diplomatically instead of resorting to military threats or wars.
In
the 20th century, the First and Second World Wars also revealed the need for an
international forum to end conflicts and maintain peace.
The
League of Nations (founded by former US president Woodrow Wilson but ultimately
did not include the United States) in 1920 with the main purpose of maintaining
world peace.
After
the dissolution of the League of Nations, it was replaced by the United Nations
in 1954 after the Second World War, an organization aimed at promoting
international cooperation and which currently has 193 countries.
It
is important to note that many of these organizations are concentrated in
Europe and the entire West. Due to the history of imperialism and colonization
of European countries, they often exhibit the greatest international political
and economic power and create these world systems.
However,
there are continental political organizations such as the African Union, the
Asian Cooperation Council, and the Association of South American countries that
also promote cooperation in their respective regions.
Foreign Policy Theories: Why States Do What They Do
The
study of foreign policy reveals many theories about why states act the way they
do.
The
dominant ideologies are realism, liberalism, economic structuralism, psychology
and constructivism:
Realism
Realism
insists that interests are always determined in terms of power and that states
will always act in their interests. The real story follows the politician in
the 16th century Niccolò Machiavelli famously said from his foreign policy book
"The Prince": "It is safer to be feared than to be loved."
It
follows that the world is full of chaos because humans are selfish and will do
anything for power.
However,
the structural reading of the truth focuses on the state more than anyone: all
governments will respond to pressure in the same way because they care about
national security more than power.
Liberalism
The
theory of liberalism emphasizes freedom and equality in all areas and makes
sure that the rights of the individual are higher than the needs of the state.
It follows that the world's chaos can be calmed by international cooperation
and global citizens.
Economically,
liberalism values free trade above all else and believes that the state
should not interfere in economic matters, because that is where the problems
arise. The market has a long run and stability, and nothing should stop it.
Economic structuralism
Karl
Marx was a pioneer of economic theory, or Marxism, who believed that tyranny is
immoral because it is immoral for the few to exploit the many. However, the
scientist Vladimir Lenin took the research to an international level by
explaining that capitalist countries prospered by dumping their products into
the developing countries -economic weakness, which keeps prices low and weakens
the economy in those regions.
Basically,
problems arise in international relations due to the introduction of this capital,
and change can only happen through the actions of the proletariat.
Psychological Theories
Psychological
theories explain international politics at different levels and seek to
understand how people's psychology can influence their foreign policy
decisions. It follows that diplomacy is greatly influenced by the person's
ability to judge, which is often colored by the method of decision, the time
available for decision and the level of risk.
This
explains why political decisions are often inconsistent or may not follow a
single point of view.
Constructivism
Constructivism
believes that ideas affect specific characteristics and interests. Current
structures only exist because years of social behavior have made them. If a
situation needs to be corrected or a system changed, social movements and ideas
can make a difference.
One
of the main examples of productivity is that of human rights, which are
respected by some countries but not by others. Over the past few centuries, as
societal ideas and values regarding human rights, gender, age, and racial
equality have evolved; laws have changed to reflect these new social norms.
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